GENERAL
TOPICS:
What is a Pediatric
Dentist?
Your Child's First
Dental Visit
Tongue Piercing
- Is it Really Cool? For more information on oral health care needs, please visit the website for the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. The
pediatric dentist has an extra two to three years of specialized
training after dental school, and is dedicated to the oral
health of children from infancy through the teenage years. The
very young, pre-teens, and teenagers all need different
approaches in dealing with their behavior, guiding their dental
growth and development, and helping them avoid future dental
problems. The pediatric dentist is best qualified to meet these
needs. Why Are The Primary Teeth So Important? It
is very important to maintain the health of the primary teeth.
Neglected cavities can and frequently do lead to problems which
affect developing permanent teeth. Primary teeth, or baby teeth
are important for (1) proper chewing and eating, (2) providing
space for the permanent teeth and guiding them into the correct
position, and (3) permitting normal development of the jaw bones
and muscles. Primary teeth also affect the development of speech
and add to an attractive appearance. While the front 4 teeth
last until 6-7 years of age, the back teeth (cuspids and molars)
aren’t replaced until age 10-13. Eruption Of Your Child’s Teeth Children’s teeth begin forming before birth. As early as 4 months, the first primary (or baby) teeth to erupt through the gums are the lower central incisors, followed closely by the upper central incisors. Although all 20 primary teeth usually appear by age 3, the pace and order of their eruption varies. Permanent teeth begin appearing around age 6, starting with the first molars and lower central incisors. This process continues until approximately age 21. Adults have 28 permanent teeth, or up to 32 including the third molars (or wisdom teeth). TOOTH DEVELOPMENT
Toothache: Clean the area of the affected tooth. Rinse the mouth thoroughly with warm water or use dental floss to dislodge any food that may be impacted. If the pain still exists, contact your child's dentist. Do not place aspirin or heat on the gum or on the aching tooth. If the face is swollen, apply cold compresses and contact your dentist immediately. Cut or Bitten Tongue, Lip or Cheek: Apply ice to injured areas to help control swelling. If there is bleeding, apply firm but gentle pressure with a gauze or cloth. If bleeding cannot be controlled by simple pressure, call a doctor or visit the hospital emergency room. Knocked Out Permanent Tooth: If possible, find the tooth. Handle it by the crown, not by the root. You may rinse the tooth with water only. DO NOT clean with soap, scrub or handle the tooth unnecessarily. Inspect the tooth for fractures. If it is sound, try to reinsert it in the socket. Have the patient hold the tooth in place by biting on a gauze. If you cannot reinsert the tooth, transport the tooth in a cup containing the patient’s saliva or milk. If the patient is old enough, the tooth may also be carried in the patient’s mouth (beside the cheek). The patient must see a dentist IMMEDIATELY! Time is a critical factor in saving the tooth. Knocked Out Baby Tooth: Contact your pediatric dentist during business hours. This is not usually an emergency, and in most cases, no treatment is necessary. Chipped or Fractured Permanent Tooth: Contact your pediatric dentist immediately. Quick action can save the tooth, prevent infection and reduce the need for extensive dental treatment. Rinse the mouth with water and apply cold compresses to reduce swelling. If possible, locate and save any broken tooth fragments and bring them with you to the dentist. Chipped or Fractured Baby Tooth: Contact your pediatric dentist. Severe Blow to the Head: Take your child to the nearest hospital emergency room immediately.
Possible Broken or Fractured Jaw:
Keep the jaw from moving and take your child to the nearest
hospital emergency room. Radiographs (X-Rays) are a vital and necessary part of your child’s dental diagnostic process. Without them, certain dental conditions can and will be missed.
Radiographs detect much more than cavities. For example, radiographs may be needed to survey erupting teeth, diagnose bone diseases, evaluate the results of an injury, or plan orthodontic treatment. Radiographs allow dentists to diagnose and treat health conditions that cannot be detected during a clinical examination. If dental problems are found and treated early, dental care is more comfortable for your child and more affordable for you. The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry recommends radiographs and examinations every six months for children with a high risk of tooth decay. On average, most pediatric dentists request radiographs approximately once a year. Approximately every 3 years, it is a good idea to obtain a complete set of radiographs, either a panoramic and bitewings or periapicals and bitewings. Pediatric dentists are
particularly careful to minimize the exposure of their patients
to radiation. With contemporary safeguards, the amount of
radiation received in a dental X-ray examination is extremely
small. The risk is negligible. In fact, the dental radiographs
represent a far smaller risk than an undetected and untreated
dental problem. Lead body aprons and shields will protect your
child. Today’s equipment filters out unnecessary x-rays and
restricts the x-ray beam to the area of interest. High-speed
film and proper shielding assure that your child receives a
minimal amount of radiation exposure. What’s the Best Toothpaste for my Child?
Remember, children
should spit out toothpaste after brushing to avoid getting too
much fluoride. If too much fluoride is ingested, a condition
known as fluorosis can occur. If your child is too young or
unable to spit out toothpaste, consider providing them with a
fluoride free toothpaste, using no toothpaste, or using only a
"pea size" amount of toothpaste. Does Your Child Grind His Teeth At Night? (Bruxism) Parents are often concerned about the nocturnal grinding of teeth (bruxism). Often, the first indication is the noise created by the child grinding on their teeth during sleep. Or, the parent may notice wear (teeth getting shorter) to the dentition. One theory as to the cause involves a psychological component. Stress due to a new environment, divorce, changes at school; etc. can influence a child to grind their teeth. Another theory relates to pressure in the inner ear at night. If there are pressure changes (like in an airplane during take-off and landing, when people are chewing gum, etc. to equalize pressure) the child will grind by moving his jaw to relieve this pressure. The majority of cases of pediatric bruxism do not require any treatment. If excessive wear of the teeth (attrition) is present, then a mouth guard (night guard) may be indicated. The negatives to a mouth guard are the possibility of choking if the appliance becomes dislodged during sleep and it may interfere with growth of the jaws. The positive is obvious by preventing wear to the primary dentition. The
good news is most children outgrow bruxism. The grinding
decreases between the ages 6-9 and children tend to stop
grinding between ages 9-12. If you suspect bruxism, discuss this
with your pediatrician or pediatric dentist.
Thumb sucking that persists beyond the eruption of the permanent teeth can cause problems with the proper growth of the mouth and tooth alignment. How intensely a child sucks on fingers or thumbs will determine whether or not dental problems may result. Children who rest their thumbs passively in their mouths are less likely to have difficulty than those who vigorously suck their thumbs. Children should cease thumb sucking by the time their permanent front teeth are ready to erupt. Usually, children stop between the ages of two and four. Peer pressure causes many school-aged children to stop. Pacifiers are no substitute for thumb sucking. They can affect the teeth essentially the same way as sucking fingers and thumbs. However, use of the pacifier can be controlled and modified more easily than the thumb or finger habit. If you have concerns about thumb sucking or use of a pacifier, consult your pediatric dentist. A few suggestions to help your child get through thumb sucking:
The pulp of a tooth is the inner, central core of the tooth. The pulp contains nerves, blood vessels, connective tissue and reparative cells. The purpose of pulp therapy in Pediatric Dentistry is to maintain the vitality of the affected tooth (so the tooth is not lost). Dental caries (cavities) and traumatic injury are the main reasons for a tooth to require pulp therapy. Pulp therapy is often referred to as a "nerve treatment", "children's root canal", "pulpectomy" or "pulpotomy". The two common forms of pulp therapy in children's teeth are the pulpotomy and pulpectomy. A pulpotomy removes the diseased pulp tissue within the crown portion of the tooth. Next, an agent is placed to prevent bacterial growth and to calm the remaining nerve tissue. This is followed by a final restoration (usually a stainless steel crown).
A pulpectomy is required when the entire
pulp is involved (into the root canal(s) of the tooth). During
this treatment, the diseased pulp tissue is completely removed
from both the crown and root. The canals are cleansed,
disinfected and, in the case of primary teeth, filled with a
resorbable material. Then, a final restoration is placed. A
permanent tooth would be filled with a non-resorbing material. What is the Best Time for Orthodontic Treatment? Developing malocclusions, or bad bites, can be recognized as early as 2-3 years of age. Often, early steps can be taken to reduce the need for major orthodontic treatment at a later age. Stage I – Early Treatment: This period of treatment encompasses ages 2 to 6 years. At this young age, we are concerned with underdeveloped dental arches, the premature loss of primary teeth, and harmful habits such as finger or thumb sucking. Treatment initiated in this stage of development is often very successful and many times, though not always, can eliminate the need for future orthodontic/orthopedic treatment. Stage II – Mixed Dentition: This period covers the ages of 6 to 12 years, with the eruption of the permanent incisor (front) teeth and 6 year molars. Treatment concerns deal with jaw malrelationships and dental realignment problems. This is an excellent stage to start treatment, when indicated, as your child’s hard and soft tissues are usually very responsive to orthodontic or orthopedic forces.
Stage III – Adolescent Dentition: This stage deals with the
permanent teeth and the development of the final bite
relationship. Your Child’s First Dental Visit - Establishing a "Dental Home" The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the American Dental Association (ADA), and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) all recommend establishing a "Dental Home" for your child by one year of age. Children who have a dental home are more likely to receive appropriate preventive and routine oral health care.
The Dental Home is
intended to provide a place other than the You can make the first visit to the dentist enjoyable and positive. If old enough, your child should be informed of the visit and told that the dentist and their staff will explain all procedures and answer any questions. The less to-do concerning the visit, the better. It
is best if you refrain from using words around your child that
might cause unnecessary fear, such as needle, pull, drill or
hurt. Pediatric dental offices make a practice of using words
that convey the same message, but are pleasant and
non-frightening to the child. Teething, the process
of baby (primary) teeth coming through the gums into the mouth,
is variable among individual babies. Some babies get their teeth
early and some get them late. In general, the first baby teeth
to appear are usually the lower front (anterior) teeth and they
usually begin erupting between the age of 6-8 months. See
"Eruption
of Your Child’s Teeth"
for more details. Baby Bottle Tooth Decay (Early Childhood Caries) One serious form of decay among young children is baby bottle tooth decay. This condition is caused by frequent and long exposures of an infant’s teeth to liquids that contain sugar. Among these liquids are milk (including breast milk), formula, fruit juice and other sweetened drinks. Putting a baby to bed for a nap or at night with a bottle other than water can cause serious and rapid tooth decay. Sweet liquid pools around the child’s teeth giving plaque bacteria an opportunity to produce acids that attack tooth enamel. If you must give the baby a bottle as a comforter at bedtime, it should contain only water. If your child won't fall asleep without the bottle and its usual beverage, gradually dilute the bottle's contents with water over a period of two to three weeks.
After each feeding, wipe the baby’s gums and teeth with a damp
washcloth or gauze pad to remove plaque. The easiest way to do
this is to sit down, place the child’s head in your lap or lay
the child on a dressing table or the floor. Whatever position
you use, be sure you can see into the child’s mouth easily. Begin daily brushing as soon as the child’s first tooth erupts. A pea size amount of fluoride toothpaste can be used after the child is old enough not to swallow it. By age 4 or 5, children should be able to brush their own teeth twice a day with supervision until about age seven to make sure they are doing a thorough job. However, each child is different. Your dentist can help you determine whether the child has the skill level to brush properly. Proper brushing removes plaque from the inner, outer and chewing surfaces. When teaching children to brush, place toothbrush at a 45 degree angle; start along gum line with a soft bristle brush in a gentle circular motion. Brush the outer surfaces of each tooth, upper and lower. Repeat the same method on the inside surfaces and chewing surfaces of all the teeth. Finish by brushing the tongue to help freshen breath and remove bacteria.
Flossing removes plaque between the teeth, where a toothbrush
can’t reach. Flossing should begin when any two teeth touch. You
should floss the child’s teeth until he or she can do it alone.
Use about 18 inches of floss, winding most of it around the
middle fingers of both hands. Hold the floss lightly between the
thumbs and forefingers. Use a gentle, back-and-forth motion to
guide the floss between the teeth. Curve the floss into a
C-shape and slide it into the space between the gum and tooth
until you feel resistance. Gently scrape the floss against the
side of the tooth. Repeat this procedure on each tooth. Don’t
forget the backs of the last four teeth.
Good oral hygiene removes bacteria and the left over food particles that combine to create cavities. For infants, use a wet gauze or clean washcloth to wipe the plaque from teeth and gums. Avoid putting your child to bed with a bottle filled with anything other than water. See "Baby Bottle Tooth Decay" for more information. For older children, brush their teeth at least twice a day. Also, watch the number of snacks containing sugar that you give your children. The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry recommends visits every six months to the pediatric dentist, beginning at your child’s first birthday. Routine visits will start your child on a lifetime of good dental health. Your pediatric dentist
may also recommend protective sealants or home fluoride
treatments for your child. Sealants can be applied to your
child’s molars to prevent decay on hard to clean surfaces. A sealant is a clear or shaded plastic material that is applied to the chewing surfaces (grooves) of the back teeth (premolars and molars), where four out of five cavities in children are found. This sealant acts as a barrier to food, plaque and acid, thus protecting the decay-prone areas of the teeth.
Fluoride is an element, which has been shown to be beneficial to teeth. However, too little or too much fluoride can be detrimental to the teeth. Little or no fluoride will not strengthen the teeth to help them resist cavities. Excessive fluoride ingestion by preschool-aged children can lead to dental fluorosis, which is a chalky white to even brown discoloration of the permanent teeth. Many children often get more fluoride than their parents realize. Being aware of a child’s potential sources of fluoride can help parents prevent the possibility of dental fluorosis. Some of these sources are:
Two and three year olds may not be able to expectorate (spit out) fluoride-containing toothpaste when brushing. As a result, these youngsters may ingest an excessive amount of fluoride during tooth brushing. Toothpaste ingestion during this critical period of permanent tooth development is the greatest risk factor in the development of fluorosis. Excessive and inappropriate intake of fluoride supplements may also contribute to fluorosis. Fluoride drops and tablets, as well as fluoride fortified vitamins should not be given to infants younger than six months of age. After that time, fluoride supplements should only be given to children after all of the sources of ingested fluoride have been accounted for and upon the recommendation of your pediatrician or pediatric dentist. Certain foods contain high levels of fluoride, especially powdered concentrate infant formula, soy-based infant formula, infant dry cereals, creamed spinach, and infant chicken products. Please read the label or contact the manufacturer. Some beverages also contain high levels of fluoride, especially decaffeinated teas, white grape juices, and juice drinks manufactured in fluoridated cities. Parents can take the following steps to decrease the risk of fluorosis in their children’s teeth:
When a child begins to participate in recreational activities and organized sports, injuries can occur. A properly fitted mouth guard, or mouth protector, is an important piece of athletic gear that can help protect your child’s smile, and should be used during any activity that could result in a blow to the face or mouth. Mouth guards help prevent broken teeth, and injuries to the lips, tongue, face or jaw. A properly fitted mouth guard will stay in place while your child is wearing it, making it easy for them to talk and breathe. Ask
your pediatric dentist about custom and store-bought mouth
protectors. The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) recognizes the benefits of xylitol on the oral health of infants, children, adolescents, and persons with special health care needs. The use of XYLITOL GUM by mothers (2-3 times per day) starting 3 months after delivery and until the child was 2 years old, has proven to reduce cavities up to 70% by the time the child was 5 years old. Studies using xylitol as either a sugar substitute or a small dietary addition have demonstrated a dramatic reduction in new tooth decay, along with some reversal of existing dental caries. Xylitol provides additional protection that enhances all existing prevention methods. This xylitol effect is long-lasting and possibly permanent. Low decay rates persist even years after the trials have been completed.
Xylitol is widely distributed throughout nature in small
amounts. Some of the best sources are fruits, berries,
mushrooms, lettuce, hardwoods, and corn cobs. One cup of
raspberries contains less than one gram of xylitol.
To find gum or other products containing
xylitol, try visiting your local health food store or search the
Internet to find products containing 100% xylitol.
Tongue Piercing – Is it Really Cool? You might not be surprised anymore to see people with pierced tongues, lips or cheeks, but you might be surprised to know just how dangerous these piercings can be. There are many risks involved with oral piercings, including chipped or cracked teeth, blood clots, blood poisoning, heart infections, brain abscess, nerve disorders (trigeminal neuralgia), receding gums or scar tissue. Your mouth contains millions of bacteria, and infection is a common complication of oral piercing. Your tongue could swell large enough to close off your airway! Common symptoms after piercing include pain, swelling, infection, an increased flow of saliva and injuries to gum tissue. Difficult-to-control bleeding or nerve damage can result if a blood vessel or nerve bundle is in the path of the needle. So
follow the advice of the American Dental Association and give
your mouth a break – skip the mouth jewelry. Tobacco – Bad News in Any Form Tobacco in any form can jeopardize your child’s health and cause incurable damage. Teach your child about the dangers of tobacco. Smokeless tobacco, also called spit, chew or snuff, is often used by teens who believe that it is a safe alternative to smoking cigarettes. This is an unfortunate misconception. Studies show that spit tobacco may be more addictive than smoking cigarettes and may be more difficult to quit. Teens who use it may be interested to know that one can of snuff per day delivers as much nicotine as 60 cigarettes. In as little as three to four months, smokeless tobacco use can cause periodontal disease and produce pre-cancerous lesions called leukoplakias. If your child is a tobacco user you should watch for the following that could be early signs of oral cancer:
Because the early signs of oral cancer usually are not painful, people often ignore them. If it’s not caught in the early stages, oral cancer can require extensive, sometimes disfiguring, surgery. Even worse, it can kill. Help
your child avoid tobacco in any form. By doing so, they will
avoid bringing cancer-causing chemicals in direct contact with
their tongue, gums and cheek. |
Tooth
brushing is one of the most important tasks for good oral
health. Many toothpastes, and/or tooth polishes, however, can
damage young smiles. They contain harsh abrasives, which can
wear away young tooth enamel. When looking for a toothpaste for
your child, make sure to pick one that is recommended by the
American Dental Association as shown on the box and tube. These
toothpastes have undergone testing to insure they are safe to
use.
Sucking
is a natural reflex and infants and young children may use
thumbs, fingers, pacifiers and other objects on which to suck.
It may make them feel secure and happy, or provide a sense of
security at difficult periods. Since thumb sucking is relaxing,
it may induce sleep.
Healthy
eating habits lead to healthy teeth. Like the rest of the body,
the teeth, bones and the soft tissues of the mouth need a
well-balanced diet. Children should eat a variety of foods from
the five major food groups. Most snacks that children eat can
lead to cavity formation. The more frequently a child snacks,
the greater the chance for tooth decay. How long food remains in
the mouth also plays a role. For example, hard candy and breath
mints stay in the mouth a long time, which cause longer acid
attacks on tooth enamel. If your child must snack, choose
nutritious foods such as vegetables, low-fat yogurt, and low-fat
cheese, which are healthier and better for children’s teeth.
